ABSTRACT
Quatro Equus asinus foram inoculados com promastigotas de Leishmania chagasi Cunha & Chagas, 1937 e acompanhados durante 12 meses através de: pesquisa de amastigotas em esfregaços e culturas de sangue periférico em fragmentos de tecido do lábio inferior, medula óssea, baço e fígado e de testes de ELISA e TRALd. Estes foram positivos nos 8º, 10º e 12º meses após a inoculação. O exame histopatológico pós necropsia, demonstrou discreto número de amastigotas no fígado de dois dos eqüídeos inoculados. Apesar de desafiados com elevado número de promastigotas, os animais não desenvolveram infecções patentes e não infectaram experimentalmente a vetora Lutzomya longipalpis. Os resultados induzem a acreditar que os eqüídeos são desprovidos de importância como reservatórios na cadeia de transmissão da leishmaniose visceral, embora sirvam como boa fonte de alimentação sangüínea e proliferação da vetora Lutzomyia longipalpis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cricetinae , Female , Leishmania , Leishmaniasis , Disease Reservoirs , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Psychodidae , XenodiagnosisABSTRACT
Immunotherapy has been proposed as a method to treat mucosal leishmaniosis for many years, but the approach has been hampered by poor definition and variability of antigens used, and results have been inconclusive. We report here a case of antimonial-refractory mucosal leishmaniasis in a 45 year old male who was treated with three single injections (one per month) with a cocktail of lour Leishmania recombinant antigens selected after documented hyporesponsiveness of the patient to these antigens, plus 50µg of GM-CSF as vaccine adjuvant. Three months after treatment, all lesions had resolved completely and the patient remains without relapse after two years. Side effects of the treatment included only moderate erythema and induration at the injection site after the second and third injections. We conclude that carefully selected microbial antigens and cytokine adjuvant can be sucessful as immunotherapy for patients with antimonial-refractory mucosal leishmaniasis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor , Immunotherapy , Leishmania , Leishmaniasis , Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/therapy , Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology , Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use , Amphotericin B , Antigens, Protozoan , Antimony , Brazil , Drug Tolerance , Immunization Schedule , PentamidineABSTRACT
Thirty-two patients were enrolled in an open-label, dose/schedule ranging clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of loposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome) in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. All the patients received a dose of 2mg/kg daily for the first 4 days, followed by a single repeat dose of 2mg/kg at day 10 in 4 patients (total dose 10mg/kg); repeat doses on days 5, 6, and 10 in 13 patients (total dose 14/kg); or daily doses were continued on days 5 through 10 in 15 patients (total dose 20mg/kg). Patients had a mean age of 9 years, ranging between 3 and 26 years. Their mean weight was 25.9kg, ranging between 9.5kg and 75kg. All patients had splenomegaly,31/32 hepatomegaly, and 20 patients tested had leishmania documented on splenic aspirate. Six of the 32 patients were treated after relapse following antimony therapy. The duration of illness prior to therapy was a mean of 2 months, ranging between 2 weeks and 23 months. During and after treatment, there were significant reductions in liver and spleen size, and significant increases in body weight, hemoglobin levels and white blood cell counts. All patients showed initial cure at the 1 mouth follow-up. Seven patients relapsed between 2 and 6 months after the start of treatment. There was no dose relationship to the occurrence of relapse. The relapse rate in children 5 years of age or less was 7/15 (47 percent). Associated causes of relapse were refractory disease (i.e., previous relapses) in 2, severe malnutrition in 1, and concurrent disease (meningococcal meningitis) in 1. In the other 2 cases, no associated event was observed except young age (ages 3 and 5 years). One relapsed patient was treated successfully with 14 days of lipid amphotericin B, and the others were cured by use of antimony for 20 to 30 days. There were no dose related adverse events. The most common event was fever which occurred in 13/32 patients (41 percent); 3/4 patients in the 10mg dose group, 7/13 in the 14mg dose group, and 3/15 in the 20mg dose group. Three patients had cardiac arrhythmia, one also with myocarditis diagnosed 2 weeks after therapy was discontinued. One patient developed hepatitis after dose 3 and the drug was discontinued. We concluded that liposomal amphotericin B is effective in a daily dose of 2mk/kg given for 5-10 doses as an initial cure, but that relapse occurs in young children, particularly those with documented treatment resistant disease or concurrent malnutrition...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adult , Amphotericin B/adverse effects , Amphotericin B/pharmacokinetics , Amphotericin B/therapeutic use , Leishmania infantum/drug effects , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/drug therapy , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Analisou-se o comportamento da leishmaniose visceral (LV) no Estado do Maranhao-Brasil, no período de 1982 a 1993. A enfermidade vem ocorrendo predominantemente na Ilha de Sao Luís-MA em áreas periurbanas, destacando, no período epidêmico, a capital Sao Luís como principal área endêmica. A maior freqüênciade casos ocorreu em 1993, apesar do uso de inseticidas e controle dos caes. Houve predomínio na faixa etária de 0 a 4 anos de idade com 58,4 por cento dos casos. Nem a doença humana nem o índice pluviométrico apresentaram variaçoes sazonais significativas entretanto estiveram moderadamente correlacionados, havendo quase sempre elevaçao do número de casos após o período de maior precipitaçao chuvosa. A partir deste estudo, poderao ser levantadas questoes para o controle mais eficaz, consoante à urbanizaçao da doença, aliada aos fatores da dinâmica de trasmissao em áreas endêmicas do Estado.